J Daillant

X-ray and Neutron Reflectivity: Principles and Applications J Daillant

Jacket Description/Back: This book is the first comprehensive introduction to X-ray and neutron reflectivity techniques and illustrates them with many examples. After a pedagogical introduction on the interaction of X-rays and neutrons with matter, the interplay between the statistics of rough surfaces and interfaces and the scattering of radiation is considered in detail. Specular reflectivity and diffuse scattering are discussed next, in chapters 3 and 4 . The approximations are rigorously introduced and many experimental effects are discussed. The specific aspects of neutron reflectivity require separate treatment, given in chapter 5. Chapter 6 turns to X-ray reflectivity by rough multilayers. Eventually, chapter 7 introduces and discusses the by now well-established method of grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering to investigate nanostructures. For the second edition, the material has been completely reorganized so as to meet the demand for a modern multi-author textbook for PhD students and young researchers. All chapters have further been throughly revised, updated and, where appropriate, suitably augmented. The first edition was been published as Lect. Notes Phys. m58 in the same series. Table of Contents: 1. The Interaction of X-Rays (and Neutrons) with Matter / F. de Bergevin -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Generalities and Definitions -- 1.3. From the Scattering by an Object to the Propagation in a Medium -- 1.4. X-Rays -- 1.5. X-Rays: Anisotropic Scattering -- 1. A. Appendix: the Born Approximation -- References -- 2. Statistical Aspects of Wave Scattering at Rough Surfaces / A. Sentenac, J. Daillant -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Description of Randomly Rough Surfaces -- 2.3. Description of a Surface Scattering Experiment, Coherence Domains -- 2.4. Statistical Formulation of the Diffraction Problem -- 2.5. Statistical Formulation of the Scattered Intensity Under the Born Approximation -- References -- 3. Specular Reflectivity from Smooth and Rough Surfaces / A. Gibaud, G. Vignaud -- 3.1. The Reflected Intensity from an Ideally Flat Surface -- 3.2. X-Ray Reflectivity in Stratified Media -- 3.3. From Dynamical to Kinematical Theory -- 3.4. Influence of the Roughness on the Matrix Coefficients -- 3. A. Appendix: The Treatment of Roughness in Specular Reflectivity -- 3. B. Appendix: Inversion of reflectivity data -- References -- 4. Diffuse Scattering / J. Daillant, S. Mora, A. Sentenac -- 4.1. Differential Scattering Cross-Section for X-Rays -- 4.2. First Born Approximation -- 4.3. Distorted Wave Born Approximation -- 4.4. From the Scattering Cross-Section to the Scattered Intensity -- 4.5. Examples -- 4. A. Appendix: The Reciprocity Theorem -- 4. B. Appendix: Verification of the Integral Equation in the Case of the Reflection by a Thin Film on a Substrate -- 4. C. Appendix: Interface Roughness in a Multilayer Within the Born Approximation -- 4. D. Appendix: Quantum Mechanical Approach of Born and Distorted-Wave Born Approximations -- References -- 5. Neutron Reflectometry / C. Fermon, F. Ott, A. Menelle -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Schrodinger Equation and Neutron-Matter Interactions -- 5.3. Reflectivity on Non-Magnetic Systems -- 5.4. Neutron Reflectivity on Magnetic Systems -- 5.5. Non-Perfect Layers, Practical Problems and Experimental Limits -- 5.6. The Spectrometers -- 5.7. Non-Magnetic Reflectivity -- 5.8. Polarized Neutron Reflectometry on Magnetic Systems -- 5.9. Off-Specular Scattering -- 5.10. Grazing Incidence Scattering -- 5.11. Conclusion on Neutron Reflectometry -- References -- 6. X-Ray Reflectivity by Rough Multilayers / T. Baumbach, P. Mikulik -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Description of Rough Multilayers -- 6.3. Set-Up of X-Ray Reflectivity Experiments -- 6.4. Specular X-Ray Reflection -- 6.5. Non-Specular X-Ray Reflection -- 6.6. Interface Roughness in Surface-Sensitive Diffraction Methods -- 6.7. X-Ray Reflection from Multilayer Gratings -- 6. A. Appendix: Reciprocal Space Constructions for Reflectivity -- References -- 7. Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering from Nanostructures / R. Lazzari -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The GISAXS Scattering Geometry -- 7.3. Scattering from Density Inhomogeneities in DWBA: The Case of Isolated Particles -- 7.4. Scattering from Collections of Particles -- 7.5. Experimental Considerations in GISAXS -- 7.6. Examples of GISAXS Experiments in Hard Condensed Matter: Islands on Surfaces -- 7.7. Soft Condensed Matter GISAXS Studies: A Nanometer Scale Crystallographic Study of Self-Organization in Templated Silica Thin Films -- References -- Main Notation Used in This Book -- Index. Marc Notes: Previous ed.: 1999.; Includes bibliographical references and index. Publisher Marketing: ways in which the magnetic interaction between neutrons and magnetic moments can yield information on the magnetization densities of thin ?lms and multilayers. I commend the organizers for having organized a group of expert lecturers to present this subject in a detailed but clear fashion, as the importance of the subject deserves. Argonne, IL S. K. Sinha Contents 1 The Interaction of X-Rays (and Neutrons) with Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 F. de Bergevin 1. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 2 Generalities and De?nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. 3 From the Scattering by an Object to the Propagation in a Medium . 14 1. 4 X-Rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1. 5 X-Rays: Anisotropic Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1. A Appendix: the Born Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2 Statistical Aspects of Wave Scattering at Rough Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 A. Sentenac and J. Daillant 2. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2. 2 Description of Randomly Rough Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2. 3 Description of a Surface Scattering Experiment, Coherence Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2. 4 Statistical Formulation of the Diffraction Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2. 5 Statistical Formulation of the Scattered Intensity Under the Born Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3 Specular Re?ectivity from Smooth and Rough Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 A. Gibaud and G. Vignaud 3. 1 The Re?ected Intensity from an Ideally Flat Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3. 2 X-Ray Re?ectivity in Strati?ed Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3. 3 From Dynamical to Kinematical Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 3. 4 In?uence of the Roughness on the Matrix Coef?cients . . . . . . . . . . 111 3. A Appendix: The Treatment of Roughness in Specular Re?ectivity . . 113 3. B Appendix: Inversion of re?ectivity data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .